大脑发育是神经系统结构和功能分化及成熟的一系列动态过程。大脑结构的发育包括部分脑区白质体积和完整性的增加，以及灰质体积的下降等；而这些结构的改变往往伴随着认知功能的变化，如智商、工作记忆和问题解决能力的提高以及社会认知的改善等。越来越多的发育研究为儿童青少年的教育干预提供了参考信息，帮助学校和家庭引导其从拥有冲动冒险心理状态的少年儿童阶段平稳过渡到心智更为成熟的成人阶段。脑图谱作为研究脑结构、脑功能及脑疾病的重要手段，是研究者对大脑进行解析的有力工具，在大脑发育研究中发挥着不可缺少的作用。本文立足于发育脑图谱，从 3 方面对儿童青少年大脑发育及脑图谱研究进展进行综述。首先，介绍儿童青少年发育阶段大脑特征的转变，以此来强调关注儿童青少年阶段大脑健康发育的重要性；其次，介绍现有的包括数据预处理步骤在内的发育图谱绘制的方法和手段；最后，对儿童和青少年图谱的研究进展进行描述，并分析当前研究对理解儿童青少年发育所做出的贡献以及它们的不足之处。对发育中的大脑进行研究，有利于增强对正常发育过程的了解，以针对性地对失衡的发育过程进行早期干预；通过对现有技术手段优缺点的总结，促进相关领域研究者开发更多以研究儿童青少年为导向的数据处理工具；综述具有精细划分的基于特定年龄儿童的大脑发育图谱，为未来的发育研究提供了强有力的研究工具的参考。这一综述有助于促进跨学科研究，推动儿童和青少年大脑发育领域的进展，从而为青少年的教育、健康和神经疾病研究提供更好的指导。

The process of brain development in children and adolescents involves various complex，dynamic，and adaptive processes that drive the differentiation and maturation of neural system structures and functions. Changes in brain structures include an increase in white matter volume and integrity in various brain regions，which are accompanied by a decrease in gray matter volume. These structural changes often coincide with alterations in cognitive functions，such as improved intelligence，working memory，problem-solving abilities，and enhanced social cognition. However，the high plasticity of brain structure and function during childhood and adolescence not only facilitates the refinement of brain function but also introduces vulnerabilities to developmental disruptions. Investigating the developing brain is crucial to enhance our understanding of normal developmental processes and allow for targeted early interventions in cases of developmental imbalances. Brain atlas，as an important tool for studying brain structure，function，and diseases，is a powerful tool for researchers to analyze the brain and plays an indispensable role in brain development research. Brain atlases consist of one or multiple brain images with different types of delineated boundaries. In general，these boundaries are partitioned based on existing knowledge of brain anatomy，pathology，or functional characteristics. Their fundamental value lies in providing a priori knowledge about brain anatomy and function. The continuous maturation of brain structure and various cognitive functions during the development stages of children and adolescents leads to differences in the regionalization patterns between children and adults. During early life，some subregions that are clearly delineated in the adult brain remain undifferentiated in the brains of children. These areas await developmental cues from external stimuli to gradually form more distinct boundaries. Clearly，using atlases derived from adults is inappropriate in studies involving children. Inappropriate brain atlases may introduce certain errors in research involving children and adolescents，especially in regions of the brain， such as the frontal lobes，where significant differences exist between children and adults. Building developmental brain atlases for children and adolescents is potentially more challenging than adult brain atlases. Advanced techniques may be required for constructing images of the developing brain，which addresses issues such as higher susceptibility to motion artifacts and lower contrast in scan images. Furthermore，obtaining data from children typically involves additional ethical considerations and requires consent from parents or guardians. These factors collectively pose challenges to the construction of developmental children brain atlases. Notably，the continuous improvement in magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）technology and the growing global attention to the physical and mental health development of children and adolescents in recent years have increased the number of developmental studies. Among these studies，some attempts have made to build developmental atlases for children and adolescents. These studies provide valuable information for educational interventions in children and adolescents，which guides their transition from impulsive and risk-taking psychological states to more mature adulthood. This review focuses on developmental brain atlases and offers an overview of research progress related to brain development and brain atlases of children and adolescents from three key perspectives. First，it introduces the transitions in brain characteristics during childhood and adolescence，which emphasizes the importance of promoting brain-healthy development during these crucial developmental stages. Second，unlike in adults，pediatric brain scan images typically exhibit lower contrast and increased head motion，which necessitates additional technical measures to address the additional noise generated during scans. Summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of current developmental atlas methods，including specialized data preprocessing steps，will promote the development of more data processing tools tailored for research on children and adolescents. Finally，researchers can identify and monitor variations in brain development，which are in typical and atypical cases，by segmenting the brain into regions and creating atlases that represent these divisions. This approach not only aids in understanding the natural course of brain development but also helps in identifying and addressing potential developmental issues. Meanwhile，the structural and functional modules of the brain undergo processes of integration or differentiation during the developmental process. If the same regional divisions are applied to statistically analyze various feature indices，then inaccuracies in localization may lead to deviations between statistical results and actual results. This review describes the progress in research on pediatric and adolescent templates and brain atlases， which helps analyze the contributions and limitations of these studies in understanding pediatric and adolescent development. The segmentation of different regions within the spatial landscape of the brain forms the foundation for decoding the human brain，and the brain atlases derived from these region divisions serve as powerful tools for researchers to analyze the brain. In recent years，the advancement in MRI technology has enabled researchers to observe and explore characteristics of the human brain，such as sulci and gyri，and networks at different developmental stages more effectively. Focusing on developmental brain atlases，conducting research on the developing brain is crucial for enhancing our understanding of normal developmental processes and facilitating targeted early interventions for developmental imbalances. Brain atlases provide researchers with the ability to investigate the significant structural and functional changes in the brain during different stages of life. Research on developing brains contributes to a better understanding of the normal developmental process， which enables targeted early interventions for imbalances in development. Summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of existing technological methods encourages researchers in related fields to develop more data processing tools tailored to the study of children and adolescents. This review of finely segmented brain development atlases based on specific age groups provides a powerful reference for future developmental research. This review，which is grounded in developmental brain atlases，deepens the understanding of brain development and promotes interdisciplinary research by reviewing the general features of development at the child and adolescent stages，the main ways to explore the features，and the developmental mapping as an essential tool for brain developmental research. Thus，it informs the advancement of the field of brain development in children and adolescents and provides a better guide to the study of the education，health，and neurological disorders of adolescents.